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Principles of tribology 
定 价：168 元 丛书名：
9 7 4 8 8 7 5 3 2 0 6 2 1 
本书汇集摩擦学研究进展以及作者和同事们从事该领域研究的成果, 系统地阐述摩擦学的基本原理与应用, 全面反映现代摩擦学的研究状况和发展趋势。全书共21章, 由润滑理论与润滑设计、摩擦磨损机理与控制、应用摩擦学等三部分组成。本书针对工程实际中各种摩擦学现象, 着重阐述在摩擦过程中的变化规律和特征, 进而介绍基本理论和分析计算方法以及实验测试技术, 并说明它们在工程中的实际应用。
目录
Contents About the Authors xvii Second Edition Preface xix Preface xxi Introduction xxiii Part I Lubrication Theory 1 1 Properties of Lubricants 3 1.1 Lubrication States 3 1.2 Density of Lubricant 5 1.3 Viscosity of Lubricant 7 1.3.1 Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity 7 1.3.1.1 Dynamic Viscosity 7 1.3.1.2 Kinematic Viscosity 8 1.3.2 Relationship between Viscosity and Temperature 9 1.3.2.1 Viscosity–Temperature Equations 9 1.3.2.2 ASTM Viscosity–Temperature Diagram 9 1.3.2.3 Viscosity Index 10 1.3.3 Relationship between Viscosity and Pressure 10 1.3.3.1 Relationships between Viscosity, Temperature and Pressure 11 1.4 Non-Newtonian Behaviors 12 1.4.1 Ree–Eyring Constitutive Equation 12 1.4.2 Visco-Plastic Constitutive Equation 13 1.4.3 Circular Constitutive Equation 13 1.4.4 Temperature-Dependent Constitutive Equation 13 1.4.5 Visco-Elastic Constitutive Equation 14 1.4.6 Nonlinear Visco-Elastic Constitutive Equation 14 1.4.7 A Simple Visco-Elastic Constitutive Equation 15 1.4.7.1 Pseudoplasticity 16 1.4.7.2 Thixotropy 16 1.5 Wettability of Lubricants 16 1.5.1 Wetting and Contact Angle 17 1.5.2 Surface Tension 17 1.6 Measurement and Conversion of Viscosity 19 1.6.1 Rotary Viseter 19 1.6.2 Off-Body Viseter 19 1.6.3 Capillary Viseter 19 References 21 2 Basic Theories of Hydrodynamic Lubrication 22 2.1 Reynolds Equation 22 2.1.1 Basic Assumptions 22 2.1.2 Derivation of the Reynolds Equation 23 2.1.2.1 Force Balance 23 2.1.2.2 General Reynolds Equation 25 2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 26 2.2.1 Mechanism of Hydrodynamic Lubrication 26 2.2.2 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions of the Reynolds Equation 27 2.2.2.1 Boundary Conditions 27 2.2.2.2 Initial Conditions 28 2.2.3 Calculation of Hydrodynamic Lubrication 28 2.2.3.1 Load-Carrying CapacityW 28 2.2.3.2 Friction ForceF 28 2.2.3.3 Lubricant FlowQ 29 2.3 Elastic Contact Problems 29 2.3.1 Line Contact 29 2.3.1.1 Geometry and Elasticity Simulations 29 2.3.1.2 Contact Area and Stress 30 2.3.2 Point Contact 31 2.3.2.1 Geometric Relationship 31 2.3.2.2 Contact Area and Stress 32 2.4 Entrance Analysis of EHL 34 2.4.1 Elastic Deformation of Line Contacts 35 2.4.2 Reynolds Equation Considering the Effect of Pressure-Viscosity 35 2.4.3 Discussion 36 2.4.4 Grubin FilmThickness Formula 37 2.5 Grease Lubrication 38 References 40 3 Numerical Methods of Lubrication Calculation 41 3.1 Numerical Methods of Lubrication 42 3.1.1 Finite Difference Method 42 3.1.1.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication 44 3.1.1.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication 44 3.1.2 Finite Element Method and Boundary Element Method 48 3.1.2.1 Finite Element Method (FEM) 48 3.1.2.2 Boundary Element Method 49 3.1.3 Numerical Techniques 51 3.1.3.1 Parameter Transformation 51 3.1.3.2 Numerical Integration 51 3.1.3.3 Empirical Formula 53 3.1.3.4 SuddenThickness Change 53 3.2 Numerical Solution of the Energy Equation 54 3.2.1 Conduction and Convection of Heat 55 3.2.1.1 Conduction Heat Hd 55 3.2.1.2 Convection Heat Hv 55 3.2.2 Energy Equation 56 3.2.3 Numerical Solution of Energy Equation 59 3.3 Numerical Solution of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 60 3.3.1 EHL Numerical Solution of Line Contacts 60 3.3.1.1 Basic Equations 60 3.3.1.2 Solution of the Reynolds Equation 62 3.3.1.3 Calculation of Elastic Deformation 62 3.3.1.4 Dowson–Higginson FilmThickness Formula of Line Contact EHL 64 3.3.2 EHL Numerical Solution of Point Contacts 64 3.3.2.1 The Reynolds Equation 65 3.3.2.2 Elastic Deformation Equation 66 3.3.2.3 Hamrock–Dowson FilmThickness Formula of Point Contact EHL 66 3.4 Multi-Grid Method for Solving EHL Problems 68 3.4.1 Basic Principles of Multi-Grid Method 68 3.4.1.1 Grid Structure 68 3.4.1.2 Discrete Equation 68 3.4.1.3 Transformation 69 3.4.2 Nonlinear Full Approximation Scheme for the Multi-Grid Method 69 3.4.3 V andWIterations 71 3.4.4 Multi-Grid Solution of EHL Problems 71 3.4.4.1 Iteration Methods 71 3.4.4.2 Iterative Division 72 3.4.4.3 Relaxation Factors 73 3.4.4.4 Numbers of Iteration Times 73 3.4.5 Multi-Grid Integration Method 73 3.4.5.1 Transfer Pressure Downwards 74 3.4.5.2 Transfer Integral Coefficients Downwards 74 3.4.5.3 Integration on the Coarser Mesh 74 3.4.5.4 Transfer Back Integration Results 75 3.4.5.5 Modification on the Finer Mesh 75 References 76 4 Lubrication Design of Typical Mechanical Elements 78 4.1 Slider and Thrust Bearings 78 4.1.1 Basic Equations 78 4.1.1.1 Reynolds Equation 78 4.1.1.2 Boundary Conditions 78 4.1.1.3 Continuous Conditions 79 4.1.2 Solutions of Slider Lubrication 79 4.2 Journal Bearings 81 4.2.1 Axis Position and Clearance Shape 81 4.2.2 Infinitely Narrow Bearings 82 4.2.2.1 Load-Carrying Capacity 83 4.2.2.2 Deviation Angle and Axis Track 83 4.2.2.3 Flow 84 4.2.2.4 Frictional Force and Friction Coefficient 84 4.2.3 InfinitelyWide Bearings 85 4.3 Hydrostatic Bearings 88 4.3.1 Hydrostatic Thrust Plate 89 4.3.2 Hydrostatic Journal Bearings 90 4.3.3 Bearing Stiffness andThrottle 90 4.3.3.1 Constant Flow Pump 91 4.3.3.2 Capillary Throttle 91 4.3.3.3 Thin-Walled OrificeThrottle 92 4.4 Squeeze Bearings 92 4.4.1 Rectangular Plate Squeeze 93 4.4.2 Disc Squeeze 94 4.4.3 Journal Bearing Squeeze 94 4.5 Dynamic Bearings 96 4.5.1 Reynolds Equation of Dynamic Journal Bearings 96 4.5.2 Simple Dynamic Bearing Calculation 98 4.5.2.1 A Sudden Load 98 4.5.2.2 Rotating Load 99 4.5.3 General Dynamic Bearings 100 4.5.3.1 Infinitely Narrow Bearings 100 4.5.3.2 Superimposition Method of Pressures 101 4.5.3.3 Superimposition Method of Carrying Loads 101 4.6 Gas Lubrication Bearings 102 4.6.1 Basic Equations of Gas Lubrication 102 4.6.2 Types of Gas Lubrication Bearings 103 4.7 Rolling Contact Bearings 106 4.7.1 Equivalent Radius R 107 4.7.2 Average Velocity U 107 4.7.3 Carrying Load PerWidthW/b 107 4.8 Gear Lubrication 108 4.8.1 Involute Gear Transmission 109 4.8.1.1 Equivalent Curvature Radius R 110 4.8.1.2 Average Velocity U 111 4.8.1.3 Load PerWidthW/b 112 4.8.2 Arc Gear Transmission EHL 112 4.9 Cam Lubrication 114 References 116 5 Special Fluid Medium Lubrication 118 5.1 Magic Hydrodynamic Lubrication 118 5.1.1 Composition and Classification of Magic Fluids 118 5.1.2 Properties of Magic Fluids 119 5.1.2.1 Density of Magic Fluids 119 5.1.2.2 Viscosity of Magic Fluids 119 5.1.2.3 Magization Strength of Magic Fluids 120 5.1.2.4 Stability of Magic Fluids 120 5.1.3 Basic Equations of Magic Hydrodynamic Lubrication 121 5.1.4 Influence Factors on Magic EHL 123 5.2 Micro-Polar Hydrodynamic Lubrication 124 5.2.1 Basic Equations of Micro-Polar Fluid Lubrication 124 5.2.1.1 Basic Equations of Micro-Polar Fluid Mechanics 124 5.2.1.2 Reynolds Equation of Micro-Polar Fluid 125 5.2.2 Influence Factors on Micro-Polar Fluid Lubrication 128 5.2.2.1 Influence of Load 128 5.2.2.2 Main Influence Parameters of Micro-Polar Fluid 129 5.3 Liquid Crystal Lubrication 130 5.3.1 Types of Liquid Crystal 130 5.3.1.1 Tribological Properties of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal 131 5.3.1.2 Tribological Properties ofThermotropic Liquid Crystal 131 5.3.2 Deformation Analysis of Liquid Crystal Lubrication 132 5.3.3 Friction Mechanism of Liquid Crystal as a Lubricant Additive 136 5.3.3.1 Tribological Mechanism of 4-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl 136 5.3.3.2 Tribological Mechanism of Cholesteryl Oleyl Carbonate 136 5.4 Electric Double Layer Effect inWater Lubrication 137 5.4.1 Electric Double Layer Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory 138 5.4.1.1 Electric Double Layer Structure 138 5.4.1.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory of Electric Double Layer 138 5.4.2 Influence of Electric Double Layer on Lubrication Properties 142 5.4.2.1 Pressure Distribution 142 5.4.2.2 Load-Carrying Capacity 143 5.4.2.3 Friction Coefficient 144 5.4.2.4 An Example 144 References 145 6 Lubrication Transformation and Nanoscale Thin Film Lubrication 147 6.1 Transformations of Lubrication States 147 6.1.1 Thickness-Roughness Ratio ?? 147 6.1.2 Transformation from Hydrodynamic Lubrication to EHL 148 6.1.3 Transformation from EHL to Thin Film Lubrication 149 6.2 Thin Film Lubrication 152 6.2.1 Phenomenon ofThin Film Lubrication 153 6.2.2 Time Effect of Thin Film Lubrication 154 6.2.3 Shear Strain Rate Effect onThin Film Lubrication 157 6.3 Analysis ofThin Film Lubrication 158 6.3.1 Difficulties in Numerical Analysis of Thin Film Lubrication 158 6.3.2 Tichy’s Thin Film Lubrication Models 160 6.3.2.1 Direction Factor Model 160 6.3.2.2 Surface Layer Model 161 6.3.2.3 Porous Surface Layer Model 161 6.4 Nano-Gas Film Lubrication 161 6.4.1 Rarefied Gas Effect 162 6.4.2 Boundary Slip 163 6.4.2.1 Slip Flow 163 6.4.2.2 Slip Models 163 6.4.2.3 Boltzmann Equation for Rarefied Gas Lubrication 165 6.4.3 Reynolds Equation Considering the Rarefied Gas Effect 165 6.4.4 Calculation of Magic Head/Disk of UltraThin Gas Lubrication 166 6.4.4.1 Large Bearing Number Problem 167 6.4.4.2 Sudden Step Change Problem 167 6.4.4.3 Solution of Ultra-Thin Gas Lubrication of Multi-Track Magic Heads 167 References 169 7 Boundary Lubrication and Additives 171 7.1 Types of Boundary Lubrication 171 7.1.1 Stribeck Curve 171 7.1.2 Adsorption Films and Their Lubrication Mechanisms 172 7.1.2.1 Adsorption Phenomena and Adsorption Films 172 7.1.2.2 Structure and Property of Adsorption Films 174 7.1.3 Chemical Reaction Film and its Lubrication Mechanism 177 7.1.3.1 Additives of Chemical Reaction Film 178 7.1.3.2 Notes for Applications of Extreme Pressure Additives 178 7.1.4 Other Boundary Films and their Lubrication Mechanisms 179 7.1.4.1 High Viscosity Thick Film 179 7.1.4.2 Polishing Thin Film 179 7.1.4.3 Surface Softening Effect 179 7.2 Theory of Boundary Lubrication 179 7.2.1 Boundary Lubrication Model 179 7.2.2 Factors Influencing Performance of Boundary Films 181 7.2.2.1 Internal Pressure Caused by Surface Tension 181 7.2.2.2 Adsorption Heat of Boundary Film 182 7.2.2.3 Critical Temperature 183 7.2.3 Strength of Boundary Film 184 7.3 Lubricant Additives 185 7.3.1 Oily Additives 185 7.3.2 Tackifier 186 7.3.3 Extreme Pressure Additives (EP Additives) 187 7.3.4 Anti-Wear Additives 187 7.3.5 Other Additives 187 References 189 8 Lubrication Failure and Mixed Lubrication 190 8.1 Roughness and Viscoelastic Material Effects on Lubrication 190 8.1.1 Modifications of Micro-EHL 190 8.1.2 Viscoelastic Model 191 8.1.3 LubricatedWear 192 8.1.3.1 LubricatedWear Criteria 193 8.1.3.2 LubricatedWear Model 193 8.1.3.3 LubricatedWear Example 193 8.2 Influence of Limit Shear Stress on Lubrication Failure 195 8.2.1 Visco-Plastic Constitutive Equation 195 8.2.2 Slip of Fluid–Solid Interface 196 8.2.3 Influence of Slip on Lubrication Properties 196 8.3 Influence of Temperature on Lubrication Failure 200 8.3.1 Mechanism of Lubrication Failure Caused by Temperature 200 8.3.2 Thermal Fluid Constitutive Equation 201 8.3.3 Analysis of Lubrication Failure 202 8.4 Mixed Lubrication 203 References 207 Part II Friction andWear 209 9 Surface Topography and Contact 211 9.1 Parameters of Surface Topography 211 9.1.1 ArithmeticMean Deviation Ra 211 9.1.2 Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMS) ?? or Rq 211 9.1.3 Maximum Height Rmax 212 9.1.4 Load-Carrying Area Curve 212 9.1.5 ArithmeticMean Interception Length of Centerline Sma 212 9.1.5.1 Slope z? a or z? q 213 9.1.5.2 Peak Curvature Ca or Cq 213 9.2 Statistical Parameters of Surface Topography 213 9.2.1 Height Distribution Function 214 9.2.2 Deviation of Distribution 215 9.2.3 Autocorrelation Function of Surface Profile 216 9.3 Structures and Properties of Surface 217 9.4 Rough Surface Contact 219 9.4.1 Single Peak Contact 219 9.4.2 Ideal Roughness Contact 220 9.4.3 Random Roughness Contact 221 9.4.4 Plasticity Index 223 References 223 10 Sliding Friction and its Applications 225 10.1 Basic Characteristics of Friction 225 10.1.1 Influence of Stationary Contact Time 226 10.1.2 Jerking Motion 226 10.1.3 Pre-Displacement 227 10.2 Macro-FrictionTheory 228 10.2.1 Mechanical EngagementTheory 228 10.2.2 Molecular Action Theory 229 10.2.3 Adhesive FrictionTheory 229 10.2.3.1 Main Points of Adhesive Friction Theory 230 10.2.3.2 Revised Adhesion Friction Theory 232 10.2.4 Plowing Effect 233 10.2.5 Deformation Energy Friction Theory 235 10.2.6 Binomial FrictionTheory 236 10.3 Micro-FrictionTheory 238 10.3.1 “Cobblestone” Model 238 10.3.2 Oscillator Models 240 10.3.2.1 Independent Oscillator Model 240 10.3.2.2 Composite Oscillator Model 241 10.3.2.3 FK Model 242 10.3.3 Phonon Friction Model 242 10.4 Sliding Friction 243 10.4.1 Influence of Load 243 10.4.2 Influence of Sliding Velocity 244 10.4.3 Influence of Temperature 245 10.4.4 Influence of Surface Film 245 10.5 Other Friction Problems and Friction Control 246 10.5.1 Friction in SpecialWorking Conditions 246 10.5.1.1 High Velocity Friction 246 10.5.1.2 High Temperature Friction 246 10.5.1.3 Low Temperature Friction 247 10.5.1.4 Vacuum Friction 247 10.5.2 Friction Control 247 10.5.2.1 Method of Applying Voltage 247 10.5.2.2 Effectiveness of Electronic Friction Control 248 10.5.2.3 Real-Time Friction Control 249 References 250 11 Rolling Friction and its Applications 252 11.1 Basic Theories of Rolling Friction 252 11.1.1 Rolling Resistance Coefficient 252 11.1.2 Rolling Friction Theories 254 11.1.2.1 Hysteresis Theory 255 11.1.2.2 Plastic DeformationTheory 256 11.1.2.3 Micro Slip Theory 257 11.1.3 Adhesion Effect on Rolling Friction 258 11.1.4 Factors Influencing Rolling Friction of Wheel and Rail 260 11.1.5 Thermal Analysis of Wheel and Rail 262 11.1.5.1 Heat Transferring Model of Wheel and Rail Contact 262 11.1.5.2 Temperature Rise Analysis of Wheel and Rail Contact 264 11.1.5.3 Transient Temperature Rise Analysis of Wheel for Two-DimensionalThermal Shock 268 11.1.5.4 Three-Dimensional Transient Analysis of Temperature Rise of Contact 269 11.1.5.5 Thermal Solution for the Rail 270 11.2 Applications of Rolling Tribology in Design of Lunar Rover 271 11.2.1 Foundations of Force Analysis for Rigid Wheel 271 11.2.1.1 Resistant Force of Driving Rigid Wheel 271 11.2.1.2 Driving Force and Sliding/Rolling Ratio of the Wheel 274 11.2.2 Mechanics Model of a Wheel on a Soft Surface 275 11.2.2.1 Wheel Sinkage 276 11.2.2.2 Soil Deformation and Stress Model 276 11.2.2.3 Interaction Force between Wheel and Soil 277 11.2.3 Dynamic Analysis of Rolling Mechanics of Lunar Rover with Unequal Diameter Wheel 278 11.2.3.1 Structure with Unequal Diameter Wheel 278 11.2.3.2 Interaction model of wheel and soil 278 11.2.3.3 Model and Calculation of Movement for Unequal Diameter Wheel 280 References 280 12 Characteristics andMechanisms ofWear 282 12.1 Classification ofWear 282 12.1.1 Wear Categories 282 12.1.1.1 MechanicalWear 282 12.1.1.2 Molecular and MechanicalWear 283 12.1.1.3 Corrosive and MechanicalWear 283 12.1.2 Wear Process 283 12.1.2.1 Surface Interaction 283 12.1.2.2 Variation of Surface 283 12.1.2.3 Forms of Surface Damage 284 12.1.3 Conversion ofWear 285 12.2 AbrasiveWear 285 12.2.1 Types of AbrasiveWear 285 12.2.2 Factors Influencing AbrasiveWear 286 12.2.3 Mechanism of AbrasiveWear 289 12.3 AdhesiveWear 290 12.3.1 Types of AdhesiveWear 291 12.3.1.1 Light AdhesiveWear 291 12.3.1.2 Common AdhesiveWear 291 12.3.1.3 Scratch 291 12.3.1.4 Scuffing 291 12.3.2 Factors Influencing AdhesiveWear 291 12.3.2.1 Load 291 12.3.2.2 Surface Temperature 292 12.3.2.3 Materials 293 12.3.3 AdhesiveWear Mechanism 294 12.3.4 Criteria of Scuffing 296 12.3.4.1 p0Us ≤ c Criterion 296 12.3.4.2 WUn s ≤ c 296 12.3.4.3 Instantaneous Temperature Criterion 297 12.3.4.4 Scuffing Factor Criterion 298 12.4 FatigueWear 298 12.4.1 Types of FatigueWear 298 12.4.1.1 Superficial FatigueWear and Surface FatigueWear 298 12.4.1.2 Pitting and Peeling 299 12.4.2 Factors Influencing FatigueWear 300 12.4.2.1 Load Property 300 12.4.2.2 Material Property 302 12.4.2.3 Physical and Chemical Effects of the Lubricant 302 12.4.3 Criteria of Fatigue Strength and Fatigue Life 303 12.4.3.1 Contact Stress State 303 12.4.3.2 Contact Fatigue Strength Criteria 304 12.4.3.3 Contact Fatigue Life 306 12.5 CorrosiveWear 307 12.5.1 OxidationWear 307 12.5.2 Special CorrosiveWear 309 12.5.2.1 Factors Influencing the CorrosionWear 309 12.5.2.2 Chemical-Mechanical Polishing 309 12.5.3 Fretting 309 12.5.4 Cavitation Erosion 310 References 312 13 Macro-Wear Theory 314 13.1 Friction Material 315 13.1.1 Friction Material Properties 315 13.1.1.1 Mechanical Properties 315 13.1.1.2 Anti-Friction andWear-Resistance 315 13.1.1.3 Thermal Property 316 13.1.1.4 Lubrication Ability 316 13.1.2 Wear-Resistant Mechanism 316 13.1.2.1 Hard Phase Bearing Mechanism 316 13.1.2.2 Soft Phase Bearing Mechanism 316 13.1.2.3 Porous Saving Oil Mechanism 316 13.1.2.4 Plastic Coating Mechanism 317 13.2 Wear Process Curve 317 13.2.1 Types ofWear Process Curves 317 13.2.2 Running-In 317 13.2.2.1 Working Life 318 13.2.2.2 Measures to Improve the Running-in Performance 319 13.3 Surface Quality andWear 320 13.3.1 Influence of Geometric Quality 321 13.3.2 Physical Quality 323 13.4 Theory of AdhesionWear 324 13.5 Theory of EnergyWear 325 13.6 DelaminationWearTheory and FatigueWear Theory 327 13.6.1 DelaminationWearTheory 327 13.6.2 FatigueWear Theory 329 13.7 Wear Calculation 329 13.7.1 IBMWear Calculation Method 329 13.7.1.1 Type A 330 13.7.1.2 Type B 331 13.7.2 Calculation Method of CombinedWear 331 References 335
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